Pregnancy Anxiety

Teenage Pregnancy and Health of Rural Women

Researches show that teenage girls suffer from various social and personal difficulties. Anxiety, depression, obsession, phobias, negative thoughts and poor self esteem is observed in them .Hypertension, lower genital tract infections, pre-mature delivery, caesarian section, iron deficiency and low birth babies are observed more in teen mothers ( PRAMS, 2002 ; Gupta, 1994). Teenage mothers are seen to be initiating breast feed late ( Yi Kung Park, 2003 ). They smile less, make poor eye contact, physical contact with infant than adult mother (Culp, 1988).  The present research aims to study whether similar problems are observed in the culture where teenage pregnancy is socially encouraged . Tools - To conduct the present study two standardized tools were used. The first one was Indian adoption of Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire by Dr. Shiv Gautam, Madan Nizhawan and Preet Kamal (1987) and second one was Mental Health Inventory  by Dr. Jagdish and , Dr. A.K . Shrivastav . The main components of the tool were Positive Evaluation,  Perception of Reality,  Integration of Personality,  Autonomy ,Group oriented attitudes and  Environmental mastery .

Locale of study- The sample was selected from the Malsisar and Ghav villages of Hanumangarh districts of Rajasthan.

Sample selection-Purposive random sampling method was used to select 50 adolescent mothers who had infants below 1year of age .The age of mothers was from 14-18 years out of which 25 belonged to group A where the age of mother was between 14 to 16 years while rest 25 belonged to group B where the age of mother was 16 to 18 years.  The data was collected by door to door visit in search of relevant  sample.

Statistical analysis- The gathered data was coded, analyzed and the mean, SD, coefficient of correlation and  t-values were computed.

Hypothesis-

1. There would be significant difference between the general health of the adolescent mothers of the two groups i.e. group  A (14-16 years) and group B (16-18 years).

2. There would be difference between the mental health of the mother of the two groups i.e. group A  (14-16 years) and group B (16-18 years).

3. There would be significant correlation between the two variables i.e. General health and Mental health .

Results

Result shows that the mean value of general health  of  adolescent  mothers between 14 to 16 years is 39.40 and those of adolescent  mothers between 16 to 18 years is 38.12 which is significant at 0.05 level which proves that the hypothesis  is approved as supported by the study  of  Mankison (1995) which states that under developed  pelvis can lead to difficulty  in child birth but appropriate   medical care, psychological care  may lead to safe child birth at the age of 14 .Obstructed labor can lead to eclampsia, obstetric fistula, infant mortality and maternal death .For mothers in their late teenage, age itself is not a risk factor. Poor out come are associated more with socio economic status rather than biology.

It also highlights the comparison between the two group A (14-16 years)and group B (16-18 years) regarding the mental health and its dimensions on the basis of mean, SD and t-values.

Results show that mean of over all mental health of adolescent mother (14 to 16 years) is 121.28 and those of (16 -18 years ) is 126.80. The difference between the two groups is significant with the t-value of 2.256 at 0.05 level.

When six dimensions of mental health  i.e. Self evaluation, Perception of reality, Integration of personality, Autonomy,  Group oriented Attitude and  Environmental mastery are compared between the two groups  it was found  that although the overall mental health of the two groups was found to be different at 0.05 level of significance only the second dimension i.e. Perception to reality was found to be significantly different at 0.01 level of significance.

There was no correlation found between the general and mental health and its dimensions  but perception of reality and integration of personality are positively correlated where correlation coefficient is 0.479*, which is significant at 0.05 level. Similarly Group oriented attitude  and Perception of reality are negatively correlated wherecorrelation coefficient is 0.490**, which is significant at 0.01 level.

A positive correlation was found between general health and mental health where correlation was 0.538** which is significant at 0.01 level of significance.Correlation between integation of personality and general health found significant at  0.05 level of significance where correlation coefficient is 0.395* . Similarly General health and environmental mastery are positively  correlated where correlation coefficient is 0.447*, which is significant at 0.05 level.

Conclusions

The general health of the group A was found to be better than the group B, Supported by the study of Mackinson, 1995, But larger sample would give a clearer picture.

Teenage pregnancy reduces the chances of getting education, increases higher drop outs from school and also decreases the chances to get married ( Moor. et. al, 1993; The National Campaign to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy, 1997).

As supported by the study that the teenage mothers may feel  uncomfortable and rejected during this time. One fourth of mothers will have second baby within 24 months. The closely spaced repeated  births decreases with the educational level of women( Kalmus, 1994). She may feel social difficulties and psychological disturbances and emotionally sick ( Maggie, 1999).

There is evidence in US that with emotional support, good education and child care, the teenage mother can catch up by the age of 30 years with average outcomes of the age group and socio economic back ground. When we compare teenage mothers with other girls with similar socio- cultural profile, bad schooling experience and low educational aspirations, the differences in their life chances is negligible ( East, 2001).

The  study proves that when general health increases , mental health also increases and person suffering from any kind of physical ailment cannot be expected to be as rational as compared to a person with healthy body.

Overall a positive correlation was found between autonomy and general health, perception of reality and integration of personality With age perception of reality is more and clear which results in a complete integrated personality, Hence it is significant that in development of proper mental health age plays an important role . So teenager to become a mother is inappropriate.

Suggestions to prevent teen pregnancy-

1.   Education/ raising level of aspiration in women

2.   Mass instructions regarding drawbacks of teenage marriage/ pregnancy specially to female community

3.     Streamlining teen mothers / providing social support system

References

Culp, R.E., Appelbaum, M.I.,Osofsky, J.D.and Levy, J.A.( 1988)  Adolescents and older mothers: Comparison between prenatal, maternal variables and new born interactions. Infant and behavior development, vol.11, pp.353- 362. Consequences of teen prengnancy, htm. www. Pregnancy. Period .com

East, P.L.,Jacobson, L.J.(2001 ) The younger of teenage mothers :A  follow  up of their pregnancy risk. Developmental Psychology. Vol. 37(2), pp.254-264, Retrieved May 27, 2006.

Furstenberg, F.F., Levini, J.A.and Brooks Gunn, J.( 1990) The children of teenage  mothers:Patterns of early child bearing in two generation, Family Planning Perspectives, Vol, 22(2), pp.54-61.

Gupta, C.R.(1994), Anemia in pregnancy: A critical review, Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol. 42, pp. 421.

Kalmuss, D.S., Namerow, P.B.(1994), Subsequent child bearing among teenage mothers ; The determinants of closely spaced second birth, Family Planning Perspectives, Vol, 26(4), pp.149-53, 159.

Lessware, Jonathan (2006), Pregnancy in teenage girls : All part of nature’s law, The Sccotsman, July, 13, 2006.

Males, Michael (2004), Teens and older partners, Resource centre for adolescent pregnancy prevention.

Maggie Gallagher(1999), Hollow victory of teen pregnancy, Conservative chronicle, http;//www: abanet.org/media/teen.html.

Makinson, C. (1985), The health consequences of teenage fertility, Family planning perspectives, Vol.17(3), pp 132-9.

Moore, Gold, E.M. (1993), Age at first child birth and later poverty, Journal of research on adolescence, Vol. 3, pp. 393-422.

Population Council (2006), Unexpected elements of adolescence in the developing, World population briefs, Jan., Vol. 12 (1).

The National Campaign to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy (2002), Not just another single issue : Teenage pregnancy prevention’s link to other critical social issues.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

About the Author

Treating Pregnancy Symptoms : How To Deal With Anxiety During Pregnancy

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Palmers cocoa butter soothing oil with vitamin E for dry and itchy skin – 5.1 oz $5.06 Uniquely formulated to soothe moisturize and soften the dry itchy skin associated with pregnancy.

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After Baby Mood Support Wellness Oil $15.95 A natural aid for Postpartum depression, mood swings, and labor related emotions. Aromatherapy for postpartum depression and anxiety.

Calm 90 VCaps $25.32 Formerly Anxiety-XAnxiety is an unavoidable necessity of life. It is a basic human emotion that helps you take appropriate action in response to an anxiety-provoking situation. Although anxiety can be productive and stimulating, it can also be intense and debilitating. At present, severe anxiety conditions affect more than 28 million Americans. Physical manifestations of anxiety disorders may include insomnia, palpitation, excessive sweating, dry mouth, dizziness, irritable bowel syndrome and headaches. Emotional aspects include irritability, inability to relax, depression, anger, guilt and feelings of emptiness.Continued stress resulting from anxiety can lead to a variety of health problems. Calm was formulated with dietary nutrients to support the mind and body and the goal of dealing more effectively with anxiety and stress related symptoms.

PetAlive Grief and Pining Formula $34.95 “Homeopathic remedy relieves separation anxiety in pets, plus depression caused by emotional distress, loneliness or sadness”

Bad Dream Sprinkles $39.95 “Homeopathic remedy relieves anxiety associated with nightmares & night terrors in children for peaceful, restorative sleep”

Mood Tonic $25.95 “Homeopathic remedy relieves irritability, anxiety & sadness, plus maintains healthy serotonin levels to restore balanced mood.”

Mother’s DHA 60 Softgels $8.15 100% Norwegian Quality Oil – Bursting Orange TasteDHA is an important nutrient for the optimal development of an infant’s brain and eyes during pregnancy. May be taken after pregnancy to enhance the quality of breast milk.

Mommy’s Bliss Morning Sickness Magic 60 Caps $11.21 Mommy’s Bliss Morning Sickness Magic is a highly effective herbal supplement formulated to ease nausea during pregnancy. Morning Sickness Magic contains other essential ingredients that support a healthy pregnancy.

Digesto-K Sprinkles $26.95 “Homeopathic remedy relieves heartburn, acid reflux and dyspepsia during the third trimester of pregnancy”

StretchEasy Massage Oil $36.95 Aromatherapy massage oils promote elasticity and protect against common stretch marks in pregnancy

Craving Your Company Baby Shower Invitations $1.81 Celebrate the fun in pregnancy with these vintage inspired “ice-cream and pickles” baby shower invitations.

Only Natural Pet Chinese Herbal Blends Calm for Dogs & Cats 2 oz $26.99 Provides soothing support for pets that easily frighten, experience chronic anxiety, or stress from travel, storms, being alone, etc.

Pet Essences Loneliness / Home Alone Dog & Cat Flower Essences 1 oz $16.49 Use for separation anxiety, loneliness. Increases independence. Helps to tap into inner resources while waiting for the caretaker to return.

Pet Naturals of Vermont Calming Cat 4 oz Liquid $31.99 A calming support supplement for cats exposed to increased environmental stressors to alleviate anxiety related behavior.

Animals’ Apawthecary Tranquility Blend Dog & Cat Herbal 1 oz $16.99 An herbal remedy that provides a balanced combination of three calming nerve tonics for anxiety and stress management.

Thundershirt Small for Dogs $39.99 An excellent treatment for most types of dog anxiety and fear issues. Creates a gentle, constant pressure that has a dramatic calming effect.

Thundershirt Large for Dogs $39.99 An excellent treatment for most types of dog anxiety and fear issues. Creates a gentle, constant pressure that has a dramatic calming effect.

Pet Essences Skin Irritation Dog & Cat Flower Essences 1 oz $16.49 Use for scratching, biting, licking, hair loss. Can come from bites, allergies, infection, anxiety, heat and more.

PetAlive Grief & Pining Dog & Cat Homeopathic 20 g $34.99 Relieves separation anxiety in pets, plus depression caused by emotional distress, loneliness or sadness.

Thundershirt X-Small for Dogs $39.99 An excellent treatment for most types of dog anxiety and fear issues. Creates a gentle, constant pressure that has a dramatic calming effect.

Newton Homeopathics Nervousness & Fear Dog & Cat 1 oz $14.99 Relief of nervousness, stress, anxiety during travel and before cat or dog shows. To calm high strung animals.

Thundershirt XX-Small for Dogs $39.99 An excellent treatment for most types of dog anxiety and fear issues. Creates a gentle, constant pressure that has a dramatic calming effect.

Thundershirt Medium for Dogs $39.99 An excellent treatment for most types of dog anxiety and fear issues. Creates a gentle, constant pressure that has a dramatic calming effect.

Animals’ Apawthecary Tranquility Blend Dog & Cat Herbal 2 oz $26.99 An herbal remedy that provides a balanced combination of three calming nerve tonics for anxiety and stress management.

Pet Essences Thunder Storms Dog & Cat Flower Essences 1 oz $16.49 Use for loud noises that cause anxiety fearful cowering & hiding. Such as thunder, storms, fireworks, construction and gunshots.

Spirit Essences Ultimate Skin Soother Dog & Cat Flower Essences 1 oz (Set of 3) $47.99 Helps your pet to break the cycle of anxiety and balance the energy system, allowing the healing to begin from the inside out.

Thundershirt X-Large for Dogs $39.99 An excellent treatment for most types of dog anxiety and fear issues. Creates a gentle, constant pressure that has a dramatic calming effect.

Thundershirt XX-Large for Dogs $39.99 An excellent treatment for most types of dog anxiety and fear issues. Creates a gentle, constant pressure that has a dramatic calming effect.

Kava Kava Root Extract 60 VCaps $10.41 Kava Kava is a relaxing herb from the South Pacific that produces a pleasant, cheerful, sociable feeling. Helps reduce anxiety.

Total Mold Restoration 2 fl. oz. $15.99 For relief of sinus congestion, hypersensitivity, headache, water eyes and nose, muscle/joint pain, anxiety and depression.

Mommy’s Bliss Foot Cream 4 oz $6.9 Mommy’s Bliss Foot Cream contains stimulating and invigorating herbs and essential oils to revitalize tired feet during pregnancy.

Hyland’s Ignatia amara grief and emotional Upset 30X tablets – 250 ea $5.54 Relieves feeling of grief disappointment anxiety anger often accompanied by nervous headache. Relieves bedwetting in children and the elderly.

Ortho Options Conceptrol vaginal contraceptive gel with applicators Unscented – 10 / Pack 3 Pack $45.13 Ortho Options Conceptrol Gel for the best protection against pregnancy and follow the enclosed instruction circular exactly .

Trojan magnum gold collection large size condoms – 10 ea/pack 4 pack $29.94 Latex condoms are intended to prevent pregnancy HIV/AIDs and other sexually transmitted infections.

First response fertility test for women – 2 ea $18.94 First response fertility test for women tests for FSH an indicator of a woman’s pregnancy potential.

VCF Vaginal contraceptive foam with mild fragrance includes applicator – 0.6 oz $10.84 For the prevention of pregnancy For use with a condom or alone Contains 12.5% Nonoxynol-9 No hormonal side effects easy-to-use Contains 0.6 oz.

Ortho options glynol II vaginal contraceptive jelly extra strength with nonoxynol 9 – 2.85 oz $13.94 Provides effective protection against pregnancy when used by itself although use with a diaphragm may provide extra protection.

Trojan Magnum Lubricated Condoms – 12 Ea / Pack $7.19 Trojan Magnum Lubricated Condoms helps reduce the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.

Trojans Condoms Ribbed Lubricated Latex – 12 Ea/Pack $7.19 Trojans Ribbed Lubricated Condoms helps reduce the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.

Childrens Chewable Vite With Iron Supplement Tablets By Rugby – 100 Tablets $4.56 Childrens Chewable Vite With Iron Supplement Tablets are used to prevent vitamin deficiency due to poor nutrition or during pregnancy.

Mommys Bliss morning sickness comfort vegetarian capsules 60 ea $10.79 Highly effective herbal and vitamin supplement formulated to help ease nausea during pregnancy.

Brainstrong prenatal multivitamin plus DHA tablets and liquid gels – 30 ea+30 ea $18.8 DHA helps support healthy fetal brain and eye development during pregnancy and throughout breastfeeding.

La Bella Cocoa Butter and Vitamin E Massage Cream Para Estrias Lotion For Stretch Marks – 8 Oz $4.38 La Bella Cocoa Butter Massage Cream may help prevent stretch marks associated with pregnancy or weight loss.

Trojan sensitivity ultra thin lubricated latex condoms Spermicidal – 12 ea/pack 4 pack $26.51 Latex condoms are intended to prevent pregnancy HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

Stuart Prenatal multivitamin and multimineral tablets for a healthy baby – 100 ea $28.33 Specially designed to supply important nutrients to meet the needs of a womans body before during and after pregnancy.

Lifestyles ultra lube plus lubricated latex condoms 12 ea 4 pack $20.32 Prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

Maternal Symmetry 180 Caps $20.18 A unique and high quality blend of vitamins, minerals, and herbs that can be used when anticipating pregnancy, during pregnancy, for several months following childbirth, and during breastfeeding. Maternal Symmetry has specially selected herbs are based on the best traditional knowledge and experience of herbalists and midwives, in addition to scientific understanding of their role in the pregnant and lactating woman.

Spirit Essences Skin Soother Dog & Cat Flower Essences 2 oz $26.99 Several everyday stressors can lead animals to believe that they’re under attack from their own skin. Skin Soother helps break the anxiety.

Spirit Essences Skin Soother Dog & Cat Flower Essences 1 oz $19.99 Several everyday stressors can lead animals to believe that they’re under attack from their own skin. Skin Soother helps break the anxiety.

CLEAR ESSENCE Platinum Maxi-Tone Skin Beautifying Milk Lotion 8oz/227g $10.5 For an even toned glow by fading away skin discolorations such as age spots, frckles or dark patches that may occur from pregnancy or the use of birth control pills.

Honest Kitchen Embark Grain-Free Dehydrated Dog Food 10 lbs $86.99 A rich, grain-free turkey-based recipe for all life stages including growth, pregnancy and lactation as well as active adult dogs

Honest Kitchen Thrive Dehydrated Dog Food 4 lbs $36.99 A simple, gluten-free chicken-based recipe for all life stages including growth, pregnancy and lactation as well as active adult dogs.

Honest Kitchen Embark Grain-Free Dehydrated Dog Food 4 lbs $43.99 A rich, grain-free turkey-based recipe for all life stages including growth, pregnancy and lactation as well as active adult dogs

Honest Kitchen Thrive Dehydrated Dog Food 10 lbs $69.99 A simple, gluten-free chicken-based recipe for all life stages including growth, pregnancy and lactation as well as active adult dogs.

TestoJack 100 120 Vcaps $32.95 TestoJack 100 provides enhanced energy levels without the anxiety or insomnia that accompanies other energy supplements, as well as overall support for men’s health.

Relax 1 fl oz $6.96 Supportive to the nervous system. Great for pain, anxiety, tension, spasms, cramps and insomnia. Helps in acute stages of trauma and great turmoil. Good with Kava Kava.

Out for a Stroll $1.14 Pregnancy announcement or baby shower invitation has pregnant woman walking with ice cream. Wording will be printed flush left. Bright white enclosure cards available.

Jobst Opaque Thigh Highs Compression 15 – 20 mm/Hg Beige Medium – 1 ea $37.82 Jobst Opaque Thigh Highs Compression relief from minor leg swelling tired aching legs leg discomfort during pregnancy.

Clarins – Body Treatment Oil-Tonic $360 100 % natural plant extracts and aromatic essential oils Helps prevent stretch marks during pregnancy Helps prevent nack of firmness during weight loss

Stretch Marks Wellness Oil $15.95 This oil can be applied to the skin starting in the 4th month of pregnancy to reduce chances of stretch marks. You can also use it daily after stretch marks appear.

Stress Free Formula 30 capsules $22.99 Stress Free Formula is designed to reduce anxiety, help you relax in stress related times, and improve energy. Stress can lead to weight gain, damaged immune system, and depression. Stress Free Formula helps to relieve stress related occurrences so you have a clear mind to make important decisions.Benefits of Stress Free Formula: ?Relieves simple anxiety?Helps control stress?Helps to fight against stress related weight gain?Safe to use everyday

Belli Acne Cleansing Facial Wash 6.7oz $22 Most acne treatments are contra-indicated during pregnancy because of adverse effects to baby. Belli�s breakthrough formulation is the first to safely address pregnancy-related acne using lactic acid � an ingredient that is naturally found in the body.Belli Acne Clearing Facial Wash is an exfoliating wash; rich in powerful acne-ridding ingredients that leaves skin clear and refined, without over-drying. The safest acne solution for pregnancy, Belli Acne Clearing Facial Wash uses hydroxyacid to lift away dirt, oil and bacteria, promoting clean and blemish-free skin. All Belli products are 100% free of phthalates.

Kerstin Florian Rehydrating Neroli Water 3.4oz $35 This unique, all natural floral water from the Bitter Orange Blossom soothes, hydrates and freshens the skin. Excellent for the face or body.Benefits:Suitable for all skin types.Oxygenates the skin.Neroli soothes anxiety and uplifts the spirit.

AMBI Skin Tone Cream Normal 2 oz $6.95 For the gradual fading of dark (brownish) skin discolorations such as freckles, age and liver spots or the uneven pigment that may occur in pregnancy or from the use of oral contraceptives. Contains a sunscreen to help prevent darkening from reoccurring.

Chill Pill 60 Tabs $4.95 Futurebiotics Chill Pill, Cool and Calm Herbal Supplement is a natural non addictive formula intended to help calm and reduce the effects of stress and anxiety on the body. Futurebiotics Chill Pill, Cool and Calm Herbal Supplement.

Hops Tea 24 Bags $4.13 Hops (Humulus Lupulus) is an extremely useful nervine herb which has been traditionally used to calm the CNS, induce sleep, nervous agitation, restlessness, anxiety, hysteria, alcoholic delirium tremens, nervous stomach and irritable bladder.

Sleep Now 60 Tabs $11.44 Chronic loss of sleep leads to fatigue, anxiety, restlessness, poor performance and even depression. Formulated with melatonin and an exclusive herbal blend to help normalize sleeping patterns so you can get more rest throughout the night.

St. John’s Wort 50 Caps $11.96 Pronatura’s new product St. John’s Wort Capsules is safe and beneficial for mild to moderate depression, stress & anxiety. It promotes mental well-being and normal, restful sleep.

Chamomile 1 fl oz $8.62 Chamomile is used to calms, soothes and supports the nervous system. A gentle relaxer that soothes upset stomachs and gas pain. Helps cramps, insomnia and anxiety. A classic for teething and colicky babies.

Woman’s Mother to Be 16 Bags $3.83 Organic Woman?s Mother to Be is a simple and organic way to support your body changes during pregnancy. Our formula includes Organic Raspberry Leaf (Rubus idaeus), used by midwives and Western herbalists for thousands of years to strengthen and prepare the uterus during pregnancy. It also contains refreshing Organic Spearmint, as well as Organic Peppermint and Organic Anise, approved by the German Commission E for minor upset stomach and digestive discomfort. We?ve added Organic Dandelion to help maintain proper water balance. Woman?s Mother to Be also supplies you with Organic Nettle Leaf so that you can maintain energy during pregnancy. According to yogic wisdom, there is no greater gift to a child than a calm, self-nurtured and happy expectant mother. Woman?s Mother to Be will help you relax and enjoy this special time of pregnancy.

Prenatal Yoga DVD $19.98 Pregnancy is a most important time for a woman to maintain her physical strength and stamina and PRENATAL YOGA is a perfect way to keep in shape. These gentle exercises are clearly detailed by instructor Shiva Rea according to Yoga Journal’s Prenatal Yoga guidelines. Maintain the energy and stamina which will be needed in the delivery room along with the concentration that comes with the practice of yoga. Different techniques are applicable to each trimester of pregnancy and this fifty minute video is geared for every level of yoga practitioner.

Clarins – Bust Beauty Gel ( Unboxed ) $475 With skin-tightening action Helps improve the appearance of the bust area Use at the first signs of skin slackening (after pregnancy for example) to help reduce signs of aging The quality of this unboxed item will be as fresh & genuine as the original